Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, by which it was inserted into a shaft. The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. The Clovis culture, a megafauna hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. A study published in 2012 gives genetic backing to the 1986 theory put forward by linguist Joseph Greenberg that the Americas must have been populated in three waves, based on language differences. By 8000 BCE the North American climate was very similar to today's. Three major migrations occurred, as traced by linguistic and genetic data the early Paleoamericans soon spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The Paleo-Indian or Lithic stage lasted from the first arrival of people in the Americas until about 5000/3000 BCE (in North America).
The cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America, according to Alfred Kroeber The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology which divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases see Archaeology of the Americas. The latest this migration could have taken place is 12,000 years ago the earliest remains undetermined.
Falling sea levels associated with an intensive period of Quaternary glaciation created the Bering land bridge that joined Siberia to Alaska about 60–25,000 years ago. The number and composition of the migrations is still being debated. This map shows the approximate location of the ice-free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory).Īccording to the most generally accepted theory of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Eurasia to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait.
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